Gynecologic cancers are diseases that arise in the reproductive organs of a woman or individual assigned female at birth (AFAB). They develop in structures within the pelvis, which encompasses the area below the abdomen and between the hip bones. These cancers are often shrouded in misconceptions. For many women, fearing the unknown, conjoined with constant misinformation, can create unnecessary anxiety or, worse, delay critical diagnoses.
Awareness—not denial and ignorance—saves women’s lives. In reality, many of these cancers are highly treatable, and we want more women to know it. We’ll begin by highlighting essential facts and addressing the common misconceptions about gynecologic cancers. This article hopes to equip women with the knowledge to protect their peace, maintain excellent health, and realize when to seek medical aid.
Facts About Gynecologic Cancers
Your health is your greatest asset. Knowing the truth versus lies about gynecologic cancer is a leap toward safeguarding it.
Fact #1: There Are Seven Types of Gynecologic Cancer
According to the National Foundation for Cancer Research (NFCR), “all women with reproductive organs are susceptible to developing one of the seven gynecologic cancers.” These include:
Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer emerges in the cervix—the lower, narrow end of the womb (uterus). Routine Pap smears are effective at detecting this malignancy early. Coupled with HPV vaccinations, it is the most preventable gynecologic cancer.
Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is any malignant growth that starts in the ovaries—the organs that produce eggs in women. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says there is no scientifically proven way to prevent most ovarian malignancies, although it is possible to lower one’s risk.
Uterine Cancer
Uterine cancer affects the uterine lining. The uterus (womb) is a pear-shaped organ within a woman’s lower abdomen, situated between the bladder and the rectum. It’s where a fetus develops and grows during pregnancy. Endometrial carcinoma is the most prevalent form of uterine cancer. It is also the most common malignancy affecting the female reproductive system in the United States.
Vaginal Cancer
Vaginal cancer is very rare, affecting less than 1 in 100,000 women. For comparison, there are 127 new breast cancer cases per 100,000 women in the United States. Getting the HPV vaccine reduces the risk of developing it.
Vulvar Cancer
Vulvar cancer develops on the external genitalia. Like vaginal cancer, it is extremely rare, and the HPV vaccine reduces overall risk.
Peritoneal Cancer
Peritoneal cancer begins in the thin layer of tissue covering the inside of the abdomen and the organs inside it. Most women are diagnosed with advanced peritoneal cancer since it shows very few and vague symptoms early on.
Fallopian Tube Cancer
Fallopian tube cancer accounts for only 1 percent to 2 percent of gynecologic cancers. Although curable if it’s treated early, the challenge is that fallopian tube cancer rarely presents symptoms early on, and it spreads quickly.
Fact #2: Symptoms Can Be Subtle or Absent
Not all women with the above diseases experience obvious symptoms. In fact, many have very few or even no symptoms at all. Early-stage gynecologic cancer’s asymptomatic or vague nature can make recognizing the signs more difficult, especially since symptoms like back pain, weight fluctuations, bloating, or feeling full quickly could be due to other, less serious conditions.
If you encounter any sudden or unusual symptoms, whether bleeding between periods, following intercourse, or after menopause, or if you’ve had persistent symptoms for a week or longer, it’s important to see a doctor as soon as possible. Even if the symptoms seem mild, they could be early signs of something serious.
In addition to paying attention to your body, schedule routine check-ups to catch potential health issues early. Regular visits to your physician allow for timely screening, monitoring changes, and addressing concerns before they escalate.
Fact #3: Some Gynecologic Cancers Are Hereditary
Genetics is a leading cause of various diseases, including some cases of gynecologic cancers. In particular, 10% to 15% of ovarian cancers run in the family, and 5% to 10% of endometrial cancers develop due to an inherited mutation linked to cancer.
Learning your family’s medical history can help you take control of your health, especially since some gynecologic cancers are hereditary. Talk to your blood relatives about any history of cancers, particularly ovarian, uterine, or breast cancer, as this information can help your doctor assess your risk. If multiple family members have had these types of cancer, genetic testing can help you identify inherited mutations, like BRCA1 or BRCA2, that could heighten your risk. Being aware of your family history allows you and your healthcare provider to make informed choices about screening and preventive measures.
Further reading: The Role of Genetic Mutations in Cancer Development
Fact #4: HPV Is the Leading Cause of Cervical Cancer
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for the majority of cervical cancer cases worldwide. HPV is a sexually transmitted infection. According to the CDC, the virus will infect around 80% of sexually active individuals at some point in their lives. About 40% of women aged 15 to 59 may also have at least one HPV infection each year. This virus has many different strains, but only a few are high-risk (HPV types 16 and 18) for developing cancer.
HPV infections are usually harmless and clear up on their own, but in some cases, the virus can persist in the body and cause changes to the cervical cells. If left untreated, these abnormal cells can evolve into cancer. Fortunately, medical breakthroughs in HPV vaccination have made it possible to reduce the risk of HPV-related cancers. The drug protects against the most dangerous strains and is available for males and females alike.
Fact #5: Obesity Increases the Risk of Several Gynecologic Cancers
It’s no secret that excess body fat can lead to hormonal imbalances that promote the growth of cancerous cells. Fat cells produce extra estrogen, a hormone that can contribute to endometrial cancer development.
Studies show that overweight women (BMI 25 to 29.9) and obese women (BMI > 30) are two and three times more likely to have endometrial cancer than women with a healthy BMI. The risk rises with increasing body weight, as greater fat accumulation leads to higher estrogen levels. Obesity also boosts the risk of ovarian cancer and complicates diagnosis, as it can mask early symptoms and make physical exams less effective.
Achieving a healthy, stable weight through regular exercise and a well-balanced diet may lower the risk of gynecologic cancers. Even the slightest weight loss can have a positive effect on cancer prevention. Along with ongoing screenings and consultations with healthcare providers, managing body weight is one of the best strategies for minimizing the risk of gynecologic cancers associated with obesity.
Fact #6: There’s No Such Thing as “Embarrassing” Questions to Ask an OB-GYN
You should never feel embarrassed or hesitant to ask your OB-GYN questions about your health. It’s their responsibility to guide you and help you understand your risks.
The CDC suggests preparing a list of questions for your next appointment, which can include:
- How prone am I to gynecologic cancer?
- When is my next Pap smear appointment?
- Can you please explain my Pap test result simply?
- Do I need to take the HPV test? What if I’m not sexually active?
- Will the HPV vaccination really benefit me?
- What other tests should I take, considering my family’s medical history?
Fact #7: Cervical Cancer Death Rates Have Decreased Dramatically
Cervical cancer was a leading cause of cancer-associated deaths among women in the United States. Advances in prevention and screening techniques have caused mortality rates to drop by more than half since the mid-1970s.
Fact #8: Early Detection Is Possible Through Regular Pap Smears and HPV Testing
As discussed, regular screening detects early-stage cervical cancer. For women between 21 and 29, healthcare providers recommend a Pap smear every three years. This simple test checks for abnormal cervical changes that could evolve into cancer over time. HPV testing is also available for women aged 25 to 29, but most healthcare professionals prefer Pap tests for this group, as they are highly effective in detecting early signs of cervical abnormalities.
For women aged 30 to 65, there are more flexible screening options. One is to continue with Pap smears every three years, and another approach is HPV testing every five years. HPV is a virus that causes almost all cervical malignancies, and testing for it can detect risks before cancer develops. The third option is co-testing, which many doctors recommend. It involves both a Pap test and an HPV test performed together every five years. Co-testing checks for abnormal cells and the presence of the virus that can cause those changes.
Your doctor can help you determine the best option based on your age, medical history, and risk factors. The goal is to stay consistent with whichever method you choose.
Fact #9: Treatment Options for Gynecologic Cancer Are Expanding
If you or a loved one is diagnosed with gynecologic cancer, know that there are many treatment options available. At New Hope Unlimited, we approach cancer treatment from multiple angles, combining conventional and alternative therapies tailored to each patient’s needs. Our team of oncologists works together to create individualized treatment plans, with the goal of minimizing side effects and improving outcomes. If you’re interested in learning more about your treatment options for gynecologic cancer, please don’t hesitate to contact us and book a consultation. We are here to help you gain a fighting chance against cancer.
Misinformation About Gynecologic Cancers
Misconceptions about gynecologic cancers can cause unnecessary confusion, fear, or a false sense of security. Let’s expose and debunk some of the most common myths below.
Lie #1: Pap Smears Detect All Gynecologic Cancers
Pap smears are an effective screening tool, but they only detect precancerous and cervical cancer cells. Ultrasounds, biopsies, or specialized blood tests are necessary to spot other forms of gynecologic cancer. That’s why it’s important to discuss your complete medical history, family health history, and any symptoms with a doctor, so that they can recommend the appropriate screening methods for you.
Lie #2: Young Women Don’t Get Gynecologic Cancer
While it’s true that the risk of many gynecologic cancers increases with age, young women can and do develop these cancers. For instance, cervical cancer is commonly diagnosed in women between 35 and 44, and ovarian cancer is one of the 17 malignancies threatening Gen Xers and Millennials. Also, although extremely rare, childhood cervical and vaginal cancers happen, too. Women of all ages must get regular check-ups and screenings because early detection can improve outcomes.
Lie #3: No Symptoms, No Cancer
Many gynecologic cancers, especially ovarian cancer, are known as “silent killers” because they often don’t exhibit obvious symptoms until the disease has progressed. Some symptoms, such as abdominal discomfort, lack of appetite, or fatigue, are easily misinterpretable for less serious conditions. That’s why routine screenings and being in tune with one’s body are crucial. Early detection, often through screenings like Pap smears, HPV tests, or ultrasounds, offers the best chance of successful treatment.
Lie #4: A Hysterectomy Eliminates the Risk of Gynecologic Cancer
Removing the uterus (hysterectomy) reduces your risk of uterine cancer, but it doesn’t eliminate the risk entirely. Women who have had this surgery can still develop other forms of gynecologic cancer, such as ovarian, vaginal, or vulvar cancer. In some cases, even the tissue remaining after a hysterectomy can turn into cancer. Continue regular pelvic exams and consult your physician about any new or unusual symptoms after a hysterectomy.
Lie #5: Only Women With a Family History of Cancer Are at Risk
While family history is a risk factor for some cancers, many women diagnosed with gynecologic cancer developed it due to unknown or non-genetics-related reasons. In fact, most cases occur spontaneously without a genetic link. Factors such as age, HPV infection, obesity, and lifestyle choices (like tobacco smoking) can also contribute to gynecologic cancer development. As such, all women, regardless of family history, should stay informed and undergo routine screenings.
Lie #6: The HPV Vaccine Protects Against All Gynecologic Cancers
HPV vaccines can prevent over 90% of HPV-induced cancers (mainly cervical and some cases of vaginal and vulvar cancers) when administered at the recommended ages, as specific HPV strains are the common causes of these diseases. However, the vaccine does not protect against ovarian, uterine, or other gynecologic cancers. Even if you’ve been vaccinated, you must keep up with routine screenings and remain vigilant about changes in your reproductive health.
Lie #7: Pain Is Always a Symptom of Gynecologic Cancer
Gynecologic malignancies can sometimes develop without causing any noticeable pain or discomfort, especially in the early stages. Instead, many women experience mild or vague symptoms like bloating, feeling full quickly, or changes in bowel habits. While pain can be a symptom in advanced stages, a lack of pain doesn’t mean everything is fine. Pay attention to your body and discuss any unusual changes with your doctor, even if they aren’t painful.
Lie #8: Gynecologic Cancer Is Always Fatal
Gynecologic cancers are highly treatable when caught early. Advances in screening techniques and precision oncology have greatly improved the five-year relative survival rate for the following localized gynecologic cancers, as per the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database:
- 91% for cervical cancer
- 93% for ovarian cancer
- 95% for uterine (endometrial) cancer
- 69% for vaginal cancer
- 86% for vulvar cancer
- 94% for fallopian tube cancer
The survival rates for peritoneal cancer are similar to those for ovarian cancer. They vary depending on the stage at diagnosis.
Lie #9: Only Sexually Active Women Need to Worry About Gynecologic Cancer
While sexually transmitted infections like HPV are linked to cervical, vulvar, and vaginal cancers, all women are at risk of developing gynecologic cancers, regardless of their sexual activity. For instance, ovarian and uterine cancers are not related to sexual activity. Regular screenings, including Pap tests and pelvic exams, are a must for optimal reproductive health.
Lie #10: Menopause Means I Don’t Have to Worry About Gynecologic Cancer Anymore
Gynecologic cancers can still develop after menopause. In fact, certain cancers, such as ovarian and uterine cancer, are more likely to occur in postmenopausal women. Unexplained vaginal bleeding after menopause is one of the most common symptoms of uterine cancer and requires medical attention.
Lie #11: Lifestyle Changes or Diet Alone Can Cure Gynecologic Cancer
Yes, healthy habits can promote general wellness and aid in reducing cancer risks. However, no scientific evidence proves that lifestyle modifications or diet alone can eliminate gynecologic tumors. Effective treatment usually requires a combination of medical interventions.
No More Lies, Only Truths
Empowering women with accurate information and disproving harmful myths ensures better prevention, early intervention, and successful treatment. Ladies, go forth and live healthier, longer lives! Now that you know the truth about gynecologic cancers, you can seek regular screenings, make science-backed decisions about your health, and consider precision oncology if needed.
New Hope Unlimited is a trusted provider of immunotherapy and other alternative treatments for gynecologic cancers. Dial 480-666-1403 to schedule a consultation, where we can talk more about how we can help you.
