The testicles are male reproductive organs responsible for producing sperm and testosterone. While slight size differences are normal, pain, swelling, or sudden changes may signal medical concerns. Understanding testicular health, risk factors, and self-examination techniques can help detect problems early and protect fertility and overall well-being.
The testicles, also known as testes, are oval-shaped organs located inside the scrotum — a pouch of skin that hangs below the penis. Their primary functions are to produce sperm and secrete testosterone, the hormone responsible for male sexual development, muscle mass, bone density, and libido.
Because the testicles are essential to both reproductive and hormonal health, changes in their size, texture, or sensation should not be ignored. Below are five important facts every man should know about his testicles.
Fact #1: Uneven Testicles Are Usually Normal
It is completely normal for one testicle to be slightly larger or hang lower than the other. In most men, the left testicle hangs slightly lower due to anatomical differences in blood vessels.
On average, each testicle measures about 1.5 to 2 inches in length. Healthy testicles should feel:
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Smooth
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Firm but not hard
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Oval-shaped
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Free of sharp pain
While minor asymmetry is normal, sudden swelling, severe pain, or dramatic shape changes are not.
When to Be Concerned
Sudden and severe testicular pain may indicate testicular torsion, a medical emergency in which the spermatic cord twists and cuts off blood supply. Torsion requires immediate surgical treatment to prevent permanent damage.
Other causes of discomfort include:
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Epididymitis (inflammation often linked to infection)
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Orchitis (inflammation of the testicle)
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Sexually transmitted infections
Any new pain, swelling, or tenderness should be evaluated promptly.
Fact #2: Some Men Have More Than Two Testicles
Polyorchidism is a rare condition in which a man is born with more than two testicles. Fewer than 200 cases have been reported in medical literature.
Most commonly, the additional testicle is located within the scrotum, often near the left side. In some cases, it may be found in the abdomen or groin.
Polyorchidism may not cause symptoms and is sometimes discovered incidentally during imaging for unrelated issues.
Potential complications can include:
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Increased risk of torsion
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Higher risk of testicular cancer
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Fertility considerations
Because the condition is rare, management is individualized and may include monitoring or surgical removal if risks are identified.
Fact #3: Lumps and Bumps Are Common — But Should Be Checked
Not every lump indicates cancer. Several benign conditions can cause bumps on or near the testicles.
Common causes include:
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Epididymal cysts (fluid-filled sacs at the back of the testicle)
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Hydroceles (fluid buildup around the testicle)
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Varicoceles (enlarged veins in the scrotum)
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Spermatocele (cyst in the epididymis containing sperm)
Many of these conditions are painless and harmless. However, distinguishing between benign lumps and more serious conditions requires medical evaluation.
Testicular cancer often presents as:
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A painless lump
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A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
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Dull ache in the lower abdomen
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Swelling or enlargement
Any new lump, even if painless, should be examined by a healthcare provider.
Fact #4: Lifestyle Habits Affect Fertility and Hormone Health
Testicular function is sensitive to environmental and lifestyle factors.
Alcohol and Smoking
Excessive alcohol consumption may:
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Lower testosterone levels
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Reduce sperm production
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Contribute to erectile dysfunction
Smoking has been linked to:
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Lower sperm count
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Decreased sperm motility
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Increased DNA damage in sperm
Reducing or eliminating these habits can support reproductive health.
Heat Exposure
The testicles are located outside the body because sperm production requires a temperature slightly cooler than core body temperature.
Activities that may increase testicular temperature include:
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Frequent hot tub or sauna use
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Tight-fitting underwear
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Prolonged cycling
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Placing laptops directly on the lap
Chronic heat exposure may reduce sperm count and quality in some individuals.
Nutrition and Exercise
A diet rich in antioxidants — including fruits, vegetables, nuts, and whole grains — may support sperm health. Regular moderate exercise also promotes hormonal balance.
However, extreme exercise or anabolic steroid use can suppress natural testosterone production.
Fact #5: Testicular Self-Exams Can Detect Cancer Early
Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon but is one of the most common cancers in men aged 15 to 35.
Early detection significantly improves outcomes.
How to Perform a Testicular Self-Exam
A self-exam should be done monthly, ideally after a warm shower when the scrotal skin is relaxed.
Steps include:
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Stand in front of a mirror and look for visible swelling.
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Gently roll each testicle between your thumb and fingers.
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Feel for lumps, firmness, or changes in size.
It is normal to feel the epididymis — a soft, tube-like structure behind each testicle. This should not be mistaken for a lump.
Warning Signs of Testicular Cancer
Seek medical attention if you notice:
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A painless lump
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Swelling or enlargement
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Sudden fluid buildup
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Persistent ache in the groin
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Back pain (in advanced cases)
Testicular cancer is highly treatable, especially when caught early.
When to See a Doctor
Medical evaluation is recommended if you experience:
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Sudden severe pain
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Persistent swelling
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New lumps
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Changes in size or firmness
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Fever with scrotal pain
Early assessment can rule out serious conditions and provide reassurance if the cause is benign.
The Importance of Awareness
Men often avoid discussing testicular health due to discomfort or embarrassment. However, regular self-awareness and open communication with healthcare providers are key to maintaining reproductive and hormonal health.
Small changes can signal early issues. Paying attention may prevent complications and protect long-term well-being.
FAQs
Is it normal for one testicle to hang lower than the other?
Yes. Mild asymmetry is common and usually normal.
What does a healthy testicle feel like?
Healthy testicles feel smooth, firm, and slightly springy — not hard or irregular.
Are testicular lumps always cancer?
No. Many lumps are benign cysts or fluid collections. However, all new lumps should be evaluated.
How often should men perform a testicular self-exam?
Monthly self-exams are recommended, especially for men between ages 15 and 35.
Can tight underwear affect fertility?
Prolonged heat exposure may affect sperm production in some individuals, though effects vary.
Is testicular cancer curable?
Yes. When detected early, testicular cancer has a high survival rate.
